Power Quality Basics
Although you may be unfamiliar with the term power quality (PQ), you are likely to be aware of the consequences of PQ problems. Losing critical computer data to a blackout or experiencing damage to process or medical equipment caused by a lightning strike are just two examples of how these problems can affect your business.
- Surges, Transients, Sags, and Momentary Interruptions
- How Can You Protect Your Business?
- Point-of-Entry Protection: Meter-Based Devices
- Point-of-Entry Protection: Panel-Mount Suppressors
- Point-of-Use: Plug-in Surge Suppressors
- Point-of-Use: Uninterruptible Power Supplies
- Printable Version
Technically speaking, power quality refers to the degree to which the electricity you use in your business is free of disturbances that can cause electricity-consuming devices to malfunction or fail. PQ problems can affect many types of equipment in your facility, especially electronic equipment dependent on microprocessors. Computers, network servers, energy management systems, machinery, and food-processing and medical equipment might be damaged or might fail prematurely if they are not protected from harmful voltage changes and related disturbances.
Surges, Transients, Sags, and Momentary Interruptions
Electronic devices function properly as long as the voltage, or force, of electricity flowing into your facility falls within a consistent range. Surges, transients, sags, and momentary interruptions occur when the voltage fluctuates outside this normal range.
Utilities strive to provide highly reliable and consistent electric power. In the course of normal utility operations, however, voltage will inevitably fluctuate as loads come onto or leave the power system or the utility switches among various sources of electricity supply. It is not possible for utilities to maintain perfectly constant voltage 100 percent of the time.
PQ events also occur for reasons that have nothing to do with your utility. Lightning strikes can cause major power surges. More subtle PQ problems often originate within the walls of your building and can be traced to the starting and stopping of refrigerator and air-conditioner motors, circuit overloads, or grounding and wiring problems.
Why Is This Important?
Depending on the size of the voltage fluctuation, PQ problems can vary in severity, ranging from brief malfunctions to immediate equipment failure. Small fluctuations may not cause any problems initially, but if left unchecked, these events can lead to equipment degradation over time. If a loss of data or productive time would have a significant impact on your business, or if the cost of replacing failed electronic equipment is high, you need to take responsibility to protect your company against PQ-related damage.
How Can You Protect Your Business?
There are two major ways to protect your equipment from surges. First, you can provide protection at the point of entry: that is, at your electrical panel or meter. Second, you can install protection at the point of use, where sensitive pieces of equipment connect to electrical outlets. A combination of point-of-entry and point-of-use devices will provide the greatest level of protection.
Point-of-Entry Protection: Meter-Based Devices
Some utilities lease surge-suppression devices that are attached to the electric meter (see Figure 1). These devices go by various names, including "whole-house surge suppressors," "secondary surge arrestors," and "meter-socket adaptors." They provide the first line of defense against surges that come through utility power lines. A meter-based suppressor can only be installed by your utility.
Point-of-Entry Protection: Panel-Mount Suppressors
Another type of surge suppressor can be installed in or adjacent to your facility's electrical panel or panels. These "panel-mount" or "hard-wired" surge suppressors protect against surges that come through utility power lines (see Figure 2). Additionally, they can keep surges that originate on one of your facility's electrical circuits from spreading to other circuits.
Surges caused by lightning can enter buildings through underground circuits that supply electricity for sprinkler systems, pole-mounted lights, outbuildings, or other external uses. A surge received on one of these circuits could damage equipment on other circuits unless a suppressor at the electrical panel blocks it.
Surges from lightning can also enter your building through telephone and cable-television circuits. Special hard-wired suppressors can be installed on these circuits. A qualified electrician should install all hard-wired surge suppressors.
Point of Use: Plug-in Surge Suppressors
"Plug-in" surge suppressors provide affordable but somewhat limited protection for sensitive equipment. Often designed as power strips with multiple outlets, they protect only the devices that are plugged into them (see Figure 3). Other plug-in surge protectors fit over wall outlets. Some models include jacks for telephone and cable-television lines.
Not all power strips provide surge protection. You should select devices that are UL 1449 Listed, meaning that samples have been found to meet the Underwriters Laboratories (UL) standard for surge suppressors. Associated with the UL listing is a number indicating the maximum amount of voltage the suppressor will allow to flow to your equipment. The lower this voltage rating the better.
Figure 1: Meter-based surge arrestors
This device, mounted underneath the meter, traps surges at the point of entry.
Courtesy: Meter-Treater Inc.
Figure 2: Panel-mount suppressors
This is an example of a panel-mount device for surge suppression that is located in a small manufacturing facility.
Courtesy: Danaher Power Solutions
Figure 3: Plug-in surge suppressors
This plug-in device incorporates status lights as well as input and output jacks to protect a phone line.
Courtesy: Tripp Lite
You can purchase plug-in surge suppressors from computer, hardware, and office supply stores for anywhere from $10 to more than $100. A higher price doesn't ensure a higher level of protection. See Table 1 for selection criteria. The more effective units combine several different surge-protection components. Sine wave tracking is a sophisticated feature that is advisable only if you have equipment that is particularly sensitive to harmonic distortion; this is not an issue for most small businesses.
Table 1: Choosing Plug-In Surge Suppressors
| Surge-Suppression Rating | Durability | Protection Method | Additional Features | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| UL Listed at 500 volts (Good) | 1,000 surges at 2,000 volts and 1,000 amps | Surges are diverted to ground. | ||
| UL Listed at 400 volts (Better) | 1,000 surges at 4,000 volts and 2,000 amps | Surges are absorbed and not diverted to ground circuit. | Indicator lights (showing that surge suppression is working, not just that the device is plugged in). | |
| UL Listed at 330 volts or below (Best) | 1,000 surges at 6,000 volts and 3,000 amps | Surges are absorbed by multiple, redundant internal components. | Data port protection, sine wave tracking, phone/fax/coaxial plug-ins, metal housing, space to accommodate transformer plugs, and warranties offered to cover damage to equipment connected to the suppressor. | |
Point of Use: Uninterruptible Power Supplies
If your voltage drops or your power goes out, even for a fraction of a second, computers and some other types of electronic equipment can malfunction or "freeze." You can keep your computer running smoothly through voltage sags and brief outages by connecting it to an uninterruptible power supply (UPS), which provides backup power from batteries (see Figure 4). For longer outages, a UPS can buy you at least enough time to save your work on a computer. UPSs typically include some level of surge suppression.
Table 2 describes different types of UPSs. Standby units are adequate for protecting most electronic equipment (including computers) from brief sags and outages, but they may not be suitable for certain equipment such as HVAC and energy management systems. Line-interactive and on-line UPSs may also provide constant voltage regulation and protection from other types of PQ disturbances such as harmonics. To conservatively estimate the correct size of a UPS for a particular application, compare the UPS's listed output in watts with the higher of the volt-amperes (VA) numbers listed on your appliance. For example, if the computer you want to protect is listed at 130 to 170 VA, look for a UPS providing at least 170 watts of output. UPSs are readily available from a number of retailers, and some utilities lease units.
Table 2: UPS Selection
| Type | Design | Rating (watts) | Wave Output | Additional Features | Price ($) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Standby (Good) | Standby and line-interactive UPSs remain offline until they sense a voltage change, at which time they switch on the battery supply system to provide power to the affected equipment. | 200-450 | Square | 30-300 | |
| Line-interactive (Better) | 300-900 | Stepped | Voltage control and lights indicating unit has undergone battery discharge. | 200-600 | |
| On-line (Best) | On-line UPSs continuously run off of and recharge the battery system. | 500-1,000 | Sine | Voltage control, controls to adjust voltage sensitivity, and software. Look for units that have light indicating battery charge, surge suppressor protection, and operating status. | 500-2,000 |
The Bottom Line
Utilities cannot provide 100 percent protection against all PQ problems you may experience in your business. Lightning strikes and fluctuations caused by your facility's equipment are examples of some PQ problems that are outside of your utility's control. Consequently, you may want to take charge of protecting your electronic equipment from the effects of power surges, sags, and other disturbances.
If you have power quality disturbances but can't pinpoint the cause, Advanced Power Services from WPS can help. Using the same diagnostic equipment we use on our electric system, we can pinpoint the cause of power quality issues for your business — before they cause costly damage or downtime.
For more information about Advanced Power Services, call our toll-free number 877-226-2061.
Figure 4: Uninterruptible power supplies
Small UPSs can protect home computers from the harmful effects of voltage sags and brief outages.
Courtesy: American Power Conversion